tell whether it would be best to examine the independent variable in a within-subjects or a between-subjects design.

In each of the following cases, tell whether it would be best to examine the independent variable in a within-subjects or a between-subjects design. Justify your answer in each case.

a. A social psychological study of helping, in which the researchers are interested in how group size affects whether or not an individual will help someone else in the group.

b. A study of the effect of varying loudness of a tone in measuring how quickly people can respond to the tone.

c. An experiment designed to answer the question of whether the color of a woman’s hair affects the likelihood that she will be asked out for dates.

d. A study in which three different training techniques are compared as to their effectiveness in teaching animals tricks.

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